Subsequent work has demonstrated that positive testing is not inherently irrational [austerweil2011seeking, perfors2009confirmation, oeberst_toward_2023]; for instance, when target phenomena are relatively rare, positive testing approximates optimal information gathering [klayman_confirmation_1987]. Bias emerges not from the strategy itself, but from the interaction between the search strategy and the environment [klayman_varieties_1995]. When a learner’s hypothesis is a subset of, or embedded within, the truth, positive testing yields “ambiguous verifications” that the learner mistakes for strong evidence for their hypothesis [klayman_confirmation_1987]. This creates a feedback loop where the search strategy retrieves only confirming data, and the learner fails to account for the fact that they are sampling from a biased subset of reality.
黄西勤：当前，我国城镇化正从快速增长期转向稳定发展期，城市发展正从大规模增量扩张阶段转向存量提质增效为主的阶段，城市更新的重要性日益凸显。深圳的城中村数量众多且分布广，我本人曾在城中村居住过，深知城中村改造的重要性。从担任十三届全国政协委员，到担任十四届全国人大代表，我始终关注着深圳的城市更新，并曾在全国两会期间提出超大城市城中村改造建议，得到有关部门积极回应。深圳印发了《关于积极稳步推进城中村改造实现高质量发展的实施意见》，城中村居住环境和城市面貌不断焕新。
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